{"id":1570,"date":"2020-02-10T18:57:00","date_gmt":"2020-02-10T17:57:00","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/parr78.fr\/Wpress\/?p=1570"},"modified":"2020-02-12T15:40:46","modified_gmt":"2020-02-12T14:40:46","slug":"samarkand-et-boukhara-perles-de-la-route-de-la-soie","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/parr78.fr\/Wpress\/samarkand-et-boukhara-perles-de-la-route-de-la-soie\/","title":{"rendered":"Samarkand et Boukhara, perles de la route de la soie"},"content":{"rendered":"\t\t<div data-elementor-type=\"wp-post\" data-elementor-id=\"1570\" class=\"elementor elementor-1570\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-01c2644 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"01c2644\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-86f20ba\" data-id=\"86f20ba\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-a852208 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"a852208\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>une conf\u00e9rence de Madame Christine DARMAGNAC, conf\u00e9renci\u00e8re nationale.<\/p><figure id=\"attachment_1573\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-1573\" style=\"width: 300px\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\"><img fetchpriority=\"high\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-1573 size-medium\" src=\"https:\/\/parr78.fr\/Wpress\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/02\/DSC08999-300x210.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"300\" height=\"210\" srcset=\"https:\/\/parr78.fr\/Wpress\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/02\/DSC08999-300x210.jpg 300w, https:\/\/parr78.fr\/Wpress\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/02\/DSC08999-768x538.jpg 768w, https:\/\/parr78.fr\/Wpress\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/02\/DSC08999-1024x717.jpg 1024w, https:\/\/parr78.fr\/Wpress\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/02\/DSC08999.jpg 2048w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 300px) 100vw, 300px\" \/><figcaption id=\"caption-attachment-1573\" class=\"wp-caption-text\">Jean Berny pr\u00e9sente la conf\u00e9rence<\/figcaption><\/figure><p>Soixante dix personnes ont assist\u00e9 \u00e0 cette conf\u00e9rence donn\u00e9e au Nickel-Od\u00e9on et qui \u00e9tait en libre acc\u00e8s.<\/p><p>Les deux villes objets de cette conf\u00e9rence se situent aujourd&rsquo;hui en Ouzbekistan que le public a souvent du mal \u00e0 situer au milieu de l&rsquo;Asie centrale. Cette r\u00e9gion a d&rsquo;ailleurs connue dans le pass\u00e9 plusieurs appellations\u00a0: Sogdiane, Bactriane, Scythie.<\/p><p>De nos jours l&rsquo;Asie centrale est une r\u00e9gion qui s&rsquo;\u00e9tend sur 2500 km de large et 1500 kms de haut. Elle est form\u00e9e de 5 r\u00e9publiques issues de la p\u00e9riode sovi\u00e8tique:l&rsquo;Ouzbekistan , le Kazakhstan, le Kirghiztan, le Tadjikistan et le Turkmenistan. Ce d\u00e9coupage qui date de 1937 n&rsquo;a aucune r\u00e9alit\u00e9 ethnique et visait ind\u00e9niablement \u00e0 favoriser les divisions. C&rsquo;est ainsi que la riche vall\u00e9e du Ferghana qui appartient \u00e0 l&rsquo;Ouzbekistan s&rsquo;enfonce profond\u00e9ment dans le territoire de ses voisins. L&rsquo;Ouzbekistan est peupl\u00e9 tr\u00e8s majoritairement d&rsquo;ouzbeks mais on a compt\u00e9 dans le pass\u00e9 10% de russes venus avec la conqu\u00eate. On compte \u00e9galement un pourcentage de Tadjikhs qui \u00e0 la diff\u00e9rence des ouzbekhs sont des indo-europ\u00e9ens.<\/p><p>L&rsquo;Ouzbekistan est constitu\u00e9 tr\u00e8s largement de d\u00e9serts notamment le Kysylkoum et est inhabit\u00e9 \u00e0 80%. La mer d&rsquo;Aral partag\u00e9e avec le Kazakhstan est aliment\u00e9e par deux fleuves:<\/p><ul><li>-l&rsquo;Amou Daria, l&rsquo;ancien Oxus qui parcourt 1437km<\/li><li>-le Syr Daria qui parcourt 2137 km<\/li><\/ul><p>En raison de l&rsquo;irrigation n\u00e9cessaire pour la culture du coton, la mer d&rsquo;Aral avait quasiment\u00a0 disparu; aujourd&rsquo;hui la partie nord rena\u00eet peu \u00e0 peu.<\/p><p>Cette r\u00e9gion est tr\u00e8s anciennement occup\u00e9e par l&rsquo;homme:on trouve dans la vall\u00e9e des 1000 gravures, des gravures rupestres qui pourraient dater de 15000 ans avant notre \u00e8re. Au millieu du troisi\u00e8me mill\u00e9naire, la civilisation de Sumer s&rsquo;\u00e9tendait jusqu&rsquo;\u00e0 cette z\u00f4ne\u00a0: on a trouv\u00e9 notamment une trompette en argent.<\/p><p>Au 7\u00e9me si\u00e8cle av. notre \u00e8re s&rsquo;\u00e9tendait dans la r\u00e9gion de Khiva au NW le pays du Khorezm qui a laiss\u00e9 notamment sur des buttes naturelles des constructions en briques , le ch\u00e2teaux de d\u00e9sert, qui \u00e9taient destin\u00e9s \u00e0 la surveillance des fronti\u00e8res . Ces ch\u00e2teaux ont \u00e9t\u00e9 utilis\u00e9s jusqu&rsquo;au 13\u00e8 si\u00e8cle de notre \u00e8re.<\/p><p>Sous les Ach\u00e9m\u00e9nides perses, le pays s&rsquo;appelle le Touran et comprenait la Bactriane ,la Sogdiane et la Transoxiane.Alexandre plus tard traverse cette r\u00e9gion en franchissant l&rsquo;Oxus sur des ponts flottants. A noter qu&rsquo;il y a quelques ann\u00e9es la travers\u00e9e de l&rsquo;Amou Daria se faisait sur un pont flottant reposant sur des bateaux.<\/p><p>Apr\u00e8s les Seleucides successeurs d&rsquo;Alexandre pour l&rsquo;Asie, se d\u00e9veloppe la route de la soie ainsi d\u00e9nomm\u00e9e en 1877 par l&rsquo;allemand Ferdinand von Richtoffen. Cette route qui n&rsquo;a rien d&rsquo;une autoroute est une s\u00e9rie de morceaux de pistes qui s \u00e9tend sur 10 \u00e0 12000km . Les \u00e9tapes \u00e9taient de 35 \u00e0 40 km par jour et les marchands ne la parcouraient pas de bout en bout. Il y avait des lieux d&rsquo;\u00e9changes aux \u00e9tapes interm\u00e9diaires.<\/p><p>La ville de Samarkand a connu successivement trois noms et deux lieux :<\/p><ul><li>-d&rsquo;abord elle s&rsquo;appellait Afrasyab et \u00e9tait situ\u00e9e \u00e0 un endroit b\u00e9n\u00e9ficiant d&rsquo;une protection naturelle et ou il y avait de l&rsquo;eau. Elle avait \u00e9t\u00e9 dot\u00e9e \u00e0 l&rsquo;\u00e9poque perse d&rsquo;une muraille de 5,5 km et de 6 m d&rsquo;\u00e9paisseur construite en briques crues . Elle subit en 831 un tremblement de terre et en 1230 les ravages de la conqu\u00eate de Gengis Khan<\/li><li>-en 329 av notre \u00e8re sur le m\u00eame lieu elle s&rsquo;appelle Maracanda et elle est prot\u00e9g\u00e9e par une muraille de 13 km. On y conservait notamment des c\u00e9r\u00e9ales.<\/li><li>-apr\u00e8s le 2\u00e8 si\u00e8cle elle s&rsquo;appelle Samarcande et est ma\u00eetresse de 30 villes. C&rsquo;est l&rsquo;\u00e9poque pr\u00e9islamique et zoroastrienne. La ville comporte de nombreux palais et sur les fresques on peut reconna\u00eetre des chinois et des indiens, signe de l&rsquo;intensit\u00e9 du commerce. Bien s\u00fbr la soie est le produit principal mais il y a aussi les pierres pr\u00e9cieuses et la c\u00e9ramique.<\/li><\/ul>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-5932a1d elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"5932a1d\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-33 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-a72875d\" data-id=\"a72875d\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-45f08c7 elementor-widget elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"45f08c7\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<figure class=\"wp-caption\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<a href=\"https:\/\/parr78.fr\/Wpress\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/02\/099.jpg\" data-elementor-open-lightbox=\"yes\" data-elementor-lightbox-title=\"099\" data-e-action-hash=\"#elementor-action%3Aaction%3Dlightbox%26settings%3DeyJpZCI6MTU3OSwidXJsIjoiaHR0cHM6XC9cL3BhcnI3OC5mclwvV3ByZXNzXC93cC1jb250ZW50XC91cGxvYWRzXC8yMDIwXC8wMlwvMDk5LmpwZyJ9\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img decoding=\"async\" width=\"1024\" height=\"768\" data-src=\"https:\/\/parr78.fr\/Wpress\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/02\/099-1024x768.jpg\" class=\"attachment-large size-large wp-image-1579 lazyload\" alt=\"\" data-srcset=\"https:\/\/parr78.fr\/Wpress\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/02\/099-1024x768.jpg 1024w, https:\/\/parr78.fr\/Wpress\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/02\/099-300x225.jpg 300w, https:\/\/parr78.fr\/Wpress\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/02\/099-768x576.jpg 768w, https:\/\/parr78.fr\/Wpress\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/02\/099.jpg 1496w\" data-sizes=\"(max-width: 1024px) 100vw, 1024px\" src=\"data:image\/svg+xml;base64,PHN2ZyB3aWR0aD0iMSIgaGVpZ2h0PSIxIiB4bWxucz0iaHR0cDovL3d3dy53My5vcmcvMjAwMC9zdmciPjwvc3ZnPg==\" style=\"--smush-placeholder-width: 1024px; --smush-placeholder-aspect-ratio: 1024\/768;\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/a>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<figcaption class=\"widget-image-caption wp-caption-text\">Samarkance<\/figcaption>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/figure>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-33 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-9e40757\" data-id=\"9e40757\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-1797e16 elementor-widget elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"1797e16\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<figure class=\"wp-caption\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<a href=\"https:\/\/parr78.fr\/Wpress\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/02\/068.jpg\" data-elementor-open-lightbox=\"yes\" data-elementor-lightbox-title=\"068\" data-e-action-hash=\"#elementor-action%3Aaction%3Dlightbox%26settings%3DeyJpZCI6MTU3NywidXJsIjoiaHR0cHM6XC9cL3BhcnI3OC5mclwvV3ByZXNzXC93cC1jb250ZW50XC91cGxvYWRzXC8yMDIwXC8wMlwvMDY4LmpwZyJ9\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img decoding=\"async\" width=\"1024\" height=\"768\" data-src=\"https:\/\/parr78.fr\/Wpress\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/02\/068-1024x768.jpg\" class=\"attachment-large size-large wp-image-1577 lazyload\" alt=\"\" data-srcset=\"https:\/\/parr78.fr\/Wpress\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/02\/068-1024x768.jpg 1024w, https:\/\/parr78.fr\/Wpress\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/02\/068-300x225.jpg 300w, https:\/\/parr78.fr\/Wpress\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/02\/068-768x576.jpg 768w, https:\/\/parr78.fr\/Wpress\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/02\/068.jpg 1496w\" data-sizes=\"(max-width: 1024px) 100vw, 1024px\" src=\"data:image\/svg+xml;base64,PHN2ZyB3aWR0aD0iMSIgaGVpZ2h0PSIxIiB4bWxucz0iaHR0cDovL3d3dy53My5vcmcvMjAwMC9zdmciPjwvc3ZnPg==\" style=\"--smush-placeholder-width: 1024px; --smush-placeholder-aspect-ratio: 1024\/768;\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/a>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<figcaption class=\"widget-image-caption wp-caption-text\">Samarkande<\/figcaption>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/figure>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-33 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-caf1091\" data-id=\"caf1091\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-13d10e4 elementor-widget elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"13d10e4\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<figure class=\"wp-caption\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<a href=\"https:\/\/parr78.fr\/Wpress\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/02\/044.jpg\" data-elementor-open-lightbox=\"yes\" data-elementor-lightbox-title=\"044\" data-e-action-hash=\"#elementor-action%3Aaction%3Dlightbox%26settings%3DeyJpZCI6MTU3NSwidXJsIjoiaHR0cHM6XC9cL3BhcnI3OC5mclwvV3ByZXNzXC93cC1jb250ZW50XC91cGxvYWRzXC8yMDIwXC8wMlwvMDQ0LmpwZyJ9\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img decoding=\"async\" width=\"1024\" height=\"768\" data-src=\"https:\/\/parr78.fr\/Wpress\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/02\/044-1024x768.jpg\" class=\"attachment-large size-large wp-image-1575 lazyload\" alt=\"\" data-srcset=\"https:\/\/parr78.fr\/Wpress\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/02\/044-1024x768.jpg 1024w, https:\/\/parr78.fr\/Wpress\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/02\/044-300x225.jpg 300w, https:\/\/parr78.fr\/Wpress\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/02\/044-768x576.jpg 768w, https:\/\/parr78.fr\/Wpress\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/02\/044.jpg 1496w\" data-sizes=\"(max-width: 1024px) 100vw, 1024px\" src=\"data:image\/svg+xml;base64,PHN2ZyB3aWR0aD0iMSIgaGVpZ2h0PSIxIiB4bWxucz0iaHR0cDovL3d3dy53My5vcmcvMjAwMC9zdmciPjwvc3ZnPg==\" style=\"--smush-placeholder-width: 1024px; --smush-placeholder-aspect-ratio: 1024\/768;\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/a>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<figcaption class=\"widget-image-caption wp-caption-text\">Boukhara<\/figcaption>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/figure>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-cc6edf2 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"cc6edf2\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-12fa17f\" data-id=\"12fa17f\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-687661b elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"687661b\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Apr\u00e8s une p\u00e9riode de d\u00e9clin, Tamerlan (1336-1405) fait revivre Samarcande apr\u00e8s la conqu\u00eate de la ville. C&rsquo;est de l\u00e0 qu&rsquo;il lance des op\u00e9rations militaires dans toutes les directions. En 1387 il prend Ispahan, fait couper 100 000 t\u00eates et installe autour de la ville 70 tours compos\u00e9es de 1500 t\u00eates chacune.<\/p><p>Il fait construire \u00e0 quelques kms son palais \u00e0 Chakhsab r\u00e9alis\u00e9 trop rapidement en briques recouvertes de c\u00e9ramiques color\u00e9es. Il utilise pour ce faire des artisans d\u00e9port\u00e9s. Ce palais a mal support\u00e9 le temps car il a \u00e9t\u00e9 affect\u00e9 par des s\u00e9ismes et les \u00e9carts de temp\u00e9rature (moins 40\u00b0 et plus 50\u00b0).<\/p><p>Il fait aussi construire le Gur-e-mir ou se trouve son tombeau(1400). La construction est tr\u00e8s iranienne avec des minarets de 28m et un \u00e9norme d\u00f4me de 40m de haut et une coupole \u00e0 nervures. L&rsquo;ensemble est \u00e0 plan de croix grecque.<\/p><p>L&rsquo;endroit phare de Samarkand est la place du Reghistan qui \u00e9tait un march\u00e9 au croisement de 6 routes . Se font face trois monuments de m\u00eame style:une madrasa construite par Ulug Beg fils de Tamerlan, une autre datant de 1630 qui font de ce lieu un grand centre universitaire qui accueillait des miliers d&rsquo;\u00e9tudiants.Cet ensemble est compl\u00e9t\u00e9 par une mosqu\u00e9e.<\/p><p>Nous avons pu admirer de nombreux autres monuments tous extr\u00eamement color\u00e9s : le monast\u00e8re d&rsquo;Ulug Beg qui \u00e9tait un grand astronome qui a fait construire un observatoire, le Chir dor (1619-1631) avec deux madrasas en miroir et \u00e0 d\u00f4mes \u00e0 godrons, la mosqu\u00e9e de Bibi Khanoum l&rsquo;\u00e9pouse indienne de Tamerlan, le Shah-i- Zenda n\u00e9cropole \u00e9tonnante des 14 et 15\u00e9 si\u00e8cles.<\/p><figure id=\"attachment_1581\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-1581\" style=\"width: 300px\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\"><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-1581 size-medium lazyload\" data-src=\"https:\/\/parr78.fr\/Wpress\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/02\/DSC09020-300x209.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"300\" height=\"209\" data-srcset=\"https:\/\/parr78.fr\/Wpress\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/02\/DSC09020-300x209.jpg 300w, https:\/\/parr78.fr\/Wpress\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/02\/DSC09020-768x534.jpg 768w, https:\/\/parr78.fr\/Wpress\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/02\/DSC09020-1024x712.jpg 1024w, https:\/\/parr78.fr\/Wpress\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/02\/DSC09020.jpg 2048w\" data-sizes=\"(max-width: 300px) 100vw, 300px\" src=\"data:image\/svg+xml;base64,PHN2ZyB3aWR0aD0iMSIgaGVpZ2h0PSIxIiB4bWxucz0iaHR0cDovL3d3dy53My5vcmcvMjAwMC9zdmciPjwvc3ZnPg==\" style=\"--smush-placeholder-width: 300px; --smush-placeholder-aspect-ratio: 300\/209;\" \/><figcaption id=\"caption-attachment-1581\" class=\"wp-caption-text\">Boukhara, le mausol\u00e9e d&rsquo;Isma\u00ebl le Samanide<\/figcaption><\/figure><p>Boukhara a \u00e9t\u00e9 la capitale \u00e0 l&rsquo;\u00e9poque des Samanides au 9\u00e9 si\u00e8cle. Un monument en briques cuites de cette \u00e9poque contient le tombeau d&rsquo;Ismael et est d&rsquo;une archicture arabo-musulmane.Il se caract\u00e9rise par sa finesse et son \u00e9l\u00e9gance malgr\u00e9 l&rsquo;utilisation de briques non recouvertes de c\u00e9ramique. A l&rsquo;\u00e9poque Boukhara avait Samarkand sous son autorit\u00e9. Elle \u00e9tait entour\u00e9e d&rsquo;une muraille de 13 kms comportant 11 portes et 116 demi-tours.<\/p><p>Boukhara, la MedersaL\u00e0 aussi nous avons pu d\u00e9couvrir plusieurs monuments aussi beaux les uns que les autres : beaucoup de madrasas et de mosqu\u00e9es aux couleurs magnifiques, le Khanga Nadir Dwenbeg qui \u00e9tait un couvent pour derviches, le mausol\u00e9e Naqchbantand qui abritait une confr\u00e9rie coufie, le Tchor brak qui est une n\u00e9cropole&#8230;&#8230;<\/p><p><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-1580 size-medium alignleft lazyload\" data-src=\"https:\/\/parr78.fr\/Wpress\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/02\/DSC09023-300x212.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"300\" height=\"212\" data-srcset=\"https:\/\/parr78.fr\/Wpress\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/02\/DSC09023-300x212.jpg 300w, https:\/\/parr78.fr\/Wpress\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/02\/DSC09023-768x542.jpg 768w, https:\/\/parr78.fr\/Wpress\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/02\/DSC09023-1024x723.jpg 1024w, https:\/\/parr78.fr\/Wpress\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/02\/DSC09023.jpg 2048w\" data-sizes=\"(max-width: 300px) 100vw, 300px\" src=\"data:image\/svg+xml;base64,PHN2ZyB3aWR0aD0iMSIgaGVpZ2h0PSIxIiB4bWxucz0iaHR0cDovL3d3dy53My5vcmcvMjAwMC9zdmciPjwvc3ZnPg==\" style=\"--smush-placeholder-width: 300px; --smush-placeholder-aspect-ratio: 300\/212;\" \/><\/p><p>Le dernier khan de Boukhara, Alim Khan (1880-1944) s&rsquo;\u00e9tait fait construire un palais \u00e0 la mode occidentale mais de dimension relativement modeste.<\/p><p>In fine Mme Darmagnac a \u00e9voqu\u00e9 \u00e0 juste titre la ville de Khiva qui fut une cit\u00e9 turcophone tr\u00e8s importante et qui connut le d\u00e9clin apr\u00e8s sa d\u00e9faite lors d&rsquo;un conflit avec Kokand. Elle poss\u00e9de elle aussi des fortifications impressionnantes avec un remblai de 7 \u00e0 8 m\u00e8tres. Devenue une ville mus\u00e9e elle rena\u00eet de nos jours avec un retour des populations \u00e0 l&rsquo;int\u00e9rieur de la ville.La ville contient des b\u00e2timents tout \u00e0 fait remarquables avec notamment la grande mosqu\u00e9e du vendredi avec ses 280 colonnes en bois.<\/p><p>L&rsquo;Ozbekistan est aujourd&rsquo;hui une destination touristique tr\u00e8s pris\u00e9e. Apr\u00e8s l&rsquo;\u00e9clatement de l&rsquo;URSS , il a connu et connait encore comme d&rsquo;autres un r\u00e9gime dictatorial marqu\u00e9, ce n&rsquo;est pas une originalit\u00e9 , par la corruption. Ce r\u00e9gime a contenu d&rsquo;une main de fer le d\u00e9veloppement de l&rsquo;islamisme notamment dans la vall\u00e9e de Ferghana aliment\u00e9 notamment par la fronti\u00e8re avec l&rsquo;Afghanistan\u00a0. C&rsquo;est aujourd&rsquo;hui un pays s\u00fbr.<\/p><p>Cette conf\u00e9rence a permis une belle ouverture sur une r\u00e9gion peu connue et qui abrite des monuments color\u00e9s tout \u00e0 fait splendides.<\/p><p>Ren\u00e9 Barberye<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-5bef2da elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"5bef2da\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-33 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-2ee6d7a\" data-id=\"2ee6d7a\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-5206e7b elementor-widget elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"5206e7b\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<figure class=\"wp-caption\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<a href=\"https:\/\/parr78.fr\/Wpress\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/02\/094.jpg\" data-elementor-open-lightbox=\"yes\" data-elementor-lightbox-title=\"094\" data-e-action-hash=\"#elementor-action%3Aaction%3Dlightbox%26settings%3DeyJpZCI6MTU3OCwidXJsIjoiaHR0cHM6XC9cL3BhcnI3OC5mclwvV3ByZXNzXC93cC1jb250ZW50XC91cGxvYWRzXC8yMDIwXC8wMlwvMDk0LmpwZyJ9\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img decoding=\"async\" width=\"1024\" height=\"768\" data-src=\"https:\/\/parr78.fr\/Wpress\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/02\/094-1024x768.jpg\" class=\"attachment-large size-large wp-image-1578 lazyload\" alt=\"\" data-srcset=\"https:\/\/parr78.fr\/Wpress\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/02\/094-1024x768.jpg 1024w, https:\/\/parr78.fr\/Wpress\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/02\/094-300x225.jpg 300w, https:\/\/parr78.fr\/Wpress\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/02\/094-768x576.jpg 768w, https:\/\/parr78.fr\/Wpress\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/02\/094.jpg 1496w\" data-sizes=\"(max-width: 1024px) 100vw, 1024px\" src=\"data:image\/svg+xml;base64,PHN2ZyB3aWR0aD0iMSIgaGVpZ2h0PSIxIiB4bWxucz0iaHR0cDovL3d3dy53My5vcmcvMjAwMC9zdmciPjwvc3ZnPg==\" style=\"--smush-placeholder-width: 1024px; --smush-placeholder-aspect-ratio: 1024\/768;\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/a>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<figcaption class=\"widget-image-caption wp-caption-text\">Boukhara<\/figcaption>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/figure>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-33 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-0b034b7\" data-id=\"0b034b7\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-545f9b7 elementor-widget elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"545f9b7\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<figure class=\"wp-caption\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<a href=\"https:\/\/parr78.fr\/Wpress\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/02\/064.jpg\" data-elementor-open-lightbox=\"yes\" data-elementor-lightbox-title=\"064\" data-e-action-hash=\"#elementor-action%3Aaction%3Dlightbox%26settings%3DeyJpZCI6MTU3NiwidXJsIjoiaHR0cHM6XC9cL3BhcnI3OC5mclwvV3ByZXNzXC93cC1jb250ZW50XC91cGxvYWRzXC8yMDIwXC8wMlwvMDY0LmpwZyJ9\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img decoding=\"async\" width=\"225\" height=\"300\" data-src=\"https:\/\/parr78.fr\/Wpress\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/02\/064-225x300.jpg\" class=\"attachment-medium size-medium wp-image-1576 lazyload\" alt=\"\" data-srcset=\"https:\/\/parr78.fr\/Wpress\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/02\/064-225x300.jpg 225w, https:\/\/parr78.fr\/Wpress\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/02\/064-768x1024.jpg 768w, https:\/\/parr78.fr\/Wpress\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/02\/064.jpg 1122w\" data-sizes=\"(max-width: 225px) 100vw, 225px\" src=\"data:image\/svg+xml;base64,PHN2ZyB3aWR0aD0iMSIgaGVpZ2h0PSIxIiB4bWxucz0iaHR0cDovL3d3dy53My5vcmcvMjAwMC9zdmciPjwvc3ZnPg==\" style=\"--smush-placeholder-width: 225px; --smush-placeholder-aspect-ratio: 225\/300;\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/a>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<figcaption class=\"widget-image-caption wp-caption-text\">Boukhara<\/figcaption>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/figure>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-33 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-0af4c80\" data-id=\"0af4c80\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cc85f7c elementor-widget elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"cc85f7c\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<figure class=\"wp-caption\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<a href=\"https:\/\/parr78.fr\/Wpress\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/02\/015.jpg\" data-elementor-open-lightbox=\"yes\" data-elementor-lightbox-title=\"015\" data-e-action-hash=\"#elementor-action%3Aaction%3Dlightbox%26settings%3DeyJpZCI6MTU3NCwidXJsIjoiaHR0cHM6XC9cL3BhcnI3OC5mclwvV3ByZXNzXC93cC1jb250ZW50XC91cGxvYWRzXC8yMDIwXC8wMlwvMDE1LmpwZyJ9\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img decoding=\"async\" width=\"1024\" height=\"768\" data-src=\"https:\/\/parr78.fr\/Wpress\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/02\/015-1024x768.jpg\" class=\"attachment-large size-large wp-image-1574 lazyload\" alt=\"\" data-srcset=\"https:\/\/parr78.fr\/Wpress\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/02\/015-1024x768.jpg 1024w, https:\/\/parr78.fr\/Wpress\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/02\/015-300x225.jpg 300w, https:\/\/parr78.fr\/Wpress\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/02\/015-768x576.jpg 768w, https:\/\/parr78.fr\/Wpress\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/02\/015.jpg 1496w\" data-sizes=\"(max-width: 1024px) 100vw, 1024px\" src=\"data:image\/svg+xml;base64,PHN2ZyB3aWR0aD0iMSIgaGVpZ2h0PSIxIiB4bWxucz0iaHR0cDovL3d3dy53My5vcmcvMjAwMC9zdmciPjwvc3ZnPg==\" style=\"--smush-placeholder-width: 1024px; --smush-placeholder-aspect-ratio: 1024\/768;\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/a>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<figcaption class=\"widget-image-caption wp-caption-text\">Khiva<\/figcaption>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/figure>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-eea907b elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"eea907b\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-122c93e\" data-id=\"122c93e\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-c859d63 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"c859d63\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><em>Clich\u00e9s Ren\u00e9 Barberye et Jean-Paul Asse<\/em><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>une conf\u00e9rence de Madame Christine DARMAGNAC, conf\u00e9renci\u00e8re nationale. Soixante dix personnes ont assist\u00e9 \u00e0 cette conf\u00e9rence donn\u00e9e au Nickel-Od\u00e9on et qui \u00e9tait en libre acc\u00e8s. Les deux villes objets de cette conf\u00e9rence se situent aujourd&rsquo;hui en Ouzbekistan que le public a souvent du mal \u00e0 situer au milieu de l&rsquo;Asie centrale. Cette r\u00e9gion a d&rsquo;ailleurs [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":1571,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"ocean_post_layout":"","ocean_both_sidebars_style":"","ocean_both_sidebars_content_width":0,"ocean_both_sidebars_sidebars_width":0,"ocean_sidebar":"0","ocean_second_sidebar":"0","ocean_disable_margins":"enable","ocean_add_body_class":"","ocean_shortcode_before_top_bar":"","ocean_shortcode_after_top_bar":"","ocean_shortcode_before_header":"","ocean_shortcode_after_header":"","ocean_has_shortcode":"","ocean_shortcode_after_title":"","ocean_shortcode_before_footer_widgets":"","ocean_shortcode_after_footer_widgets":"","ocean_shortcode_before_footer_bottom":"","ocean_shortcode_after_footer_bottom":"","ocean_display_top_bar":"default","ocean_display_header":"default","ocean_header_style":"","ocean_center_header_left_menu":"0","ocean_custom_header_template":"0","ocean_custom_logo":0,"ocean_custom_retina_logo":0,"ocean_custom_logo_max_width":0,"ocean_custom_logo_tablet_max_width":0,"ocean_custom_logo_mobile_max_width":0,"ocean_custom_logo_max_height":0,"ocean_custom_logo_tablet_max_height":0,"ocean_custom_logo_mobile_max_height":0,"ocean_header_custom_menu":"0","ocean_menu_typo_font_family":"0","ocean_menu_typo_font_subset":"","ocean_menu_typo_font_size":0,"ocean_menu_typo_font_size_tablet":0,"ocean_menu_typo_font_size_mobile":0,"ocean_menu_typo_font_size_unit":"px","ocean_menu_typo_font_weight":"","ocean_menu_typo_font_weight_tablet":"","ocean_menu_typo_font_weight_mobile":"","ocean_menu_typo_transform":"","ocean_menu_typo_transform_tablet":"","ocean_menu_typo_transform_mobile":"","ocean_menu_typo_line_height":0,"ocean_menu_typo_line_height_tablet":0,"ocean_menu_typo_line_height_mobile":0,"ocean_menu_typo_line_height_unit":"","ocean_menu_typo_spacing":0,"ocean_menu_typo_spacing_tablet":0,"ocean_menu_typo_spacing_mobile":0,"ocean_menu_typo_spacing_unit":"","ocean_menu_link_color":"","ocean_menu_link_color_hover":"","ocean_menu_link_color_active":"","ocean_menu_link_background":"","ocean_menu_link_hover_background":"","ocean_menu_link_active_background":"","ocean_menu_social_links_bg":"","ocean_menu_social_hover_links_bg":"","ocean_menu_social_links_color":"","ocean_menu_social_hover_links_color":"","ocean_disable_title":"default","ocean_disable_heading":"default","ocean_post_title":"","ocean_post_subheading":"","ocean_post_title_style":"","ocean_post_title_background_color":"","ocean_post_title_background":0,"ocean_post_title_bg_image_position":"","ocean_post_title_bg_image_attachment":"","ocean_post_title_bg_image_repeat":"","ocean_post_title_bg_image_size":"","ocean_post_title_height":0,"ocean_post_title_bg_overlay":0.5,"ocean_post_title_bg_overlay_color":"","ocean_disable_breadcrumbs":"default","ocean_breadcrumbs_color":"","ocean_breadcrumbs_separator_color":"","ocean_breadcrumbs_links_color":"","ocean_breadcrumbs_links_hover_color":"","ocean_display_footer_widgets":"default","ocean_display_footer_bottom":"default","ocean_custom_footer_template":"0","ocean_post_oembed":"","ocean_post_self_hosted_media":"","ocean_post_video_embed":"","ocean_link_format":"","ocean_link_format_target":"self","ocean_quote_format":"","ocean_quote_format_link":"post","ocean_gallery_link_images":"off","ocean_gallery_id":[],"footnotes":""},"categories":[5],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-1570","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-conferences","entry","has-media"],"rttpg_featured_image_url":{"full":["https:\/\/parr78.fr\/Wpress\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/02\/DSC08994.jpg",2048,1363,false],"landscape":["https:\/\/parr78.fr\/Wpress\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/02\/DSC08994.jpg",2048,1363,false],"portraits":["https:\/\/parr78.fr\/Wpress\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/02\/DSC08994.jpg",2048,1363,false],"thumbnail":["https:\/\/parr78.fr\/Wpress\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/02\/DSC08994-150x150.jpg",150,150,true],"medium":["https:\/\/parr78.fr\/Wpress\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/02\/DSC08994-300x200.jpg",300,200,true],"large":["https:\/\/parr78.fr\/Wpress\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/02\/DSC08994-1024x682.jpg",1024,682,true],"1536x1536":["https:\/\/parr78.fr\/Wpress\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/02\/DSC08994.jpg",1536,1022,false],"2048x2048":["https:\/\/parr78.fr\/Wpress\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/02\/DSC08994.jpg",2048,1363,false],"ocean-thumb-m":["https:\/\/parr78.fr\/Wpress\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/02\/DSC08994.jpg",600,399,false],"ocean-thumb-ml":["https:\/\/parr78.fr\/Wpress\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/02\/DSC08994.jpg",676,450,false],"ocean-thumb-l":["https:\/\/parr78.fr\/Wpress\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/02\/DSC08994.jpg",1052,700,false]},"rttpg_author":{"display_name":"christian","author_link":"https:\/\/parr78.fr\/Wpress\/author\/christian\/"},"rttpg_comment":0,"rttpg_category":"<a href=\"https:\/\/parr78.fr\/Wpress\/category\/conferences\/\" rel=\"category tag\">1 - Conf\u00e9rences<\/a>","rttpg_excerpt":"une conf\u00e9rence de Madame Christine DARMAGNAC, conf\u00e9renci\u00e8re nationale. Soixante dix personnes ont assist\u00e9 \u00e0 cette conf\u00e9rence donn\u00e9e au Nickel-Od\u00e9on et qui \u00e9tait en libre acc\u00e8s. Les deux villes objets de cette conf\u00e9rence se situent aujourd&rsquo;hui en Ouzbekistan que le public a souvent du mal \u00e0 situer au milieu de l&rsquo;Asie centrale. Cette r\u00e9gion a d&rsquo;ailleurs\u2026","_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/parr78.fr\/Wpress\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/1570","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/parr78.fr\/Wpress\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/parr78.fr\/Wpress\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/parr78.fr\/Wpress\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/parr78.fr\/Wpress\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=1570"}],"version-history":[{"count":6,"href":"https:\/\/parr78.fr\/Wpress\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/1570\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":1596,"href":"https:\/\/parr78.fr\/Wpress\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/1570\/revisions\/1596"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/parr78.fr\/Wpress\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/1571"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/parr78.fr\/Wpress\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=1570"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/parr78.fr\/Wpress\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=1570"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/parr78.fr\/Wpress\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=1570"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}